10.7554/eLife.28899.001 Here we report multiple lines of evidence for a comprehensive model
of energy metabolism in the vertebrate eye. Metabolic flux, locations of key enzymes, and …

Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligation activates both the innate and adaptive immune systems, and
plays an important role in antiviral and anti-tumor immunity. Therefore, a significant amount …

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a monolayer of pigmented cells that requires an
active metabolism to maintain outer retinal homeostasis and compensate for oxidative stress. …

Metabolite transport is a major function of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) to support the
neural retina. RPE dysfunction plays a significant role in retinal degenerative diseases. We …

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a monolayer of pigmented cells between the choroid
and the retina. RPE dysfunction underlies many retinal degenerative diseases, including …

Purpose: Previous studies have demonstrated the ability of retinal cells derived from human
embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to survive, integrate into the host retina, and mediate light …

The transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are fatal neurodegenerative diseases.
A primary therapeutic target for TSE intervention has been a protease-resistant form of …

Protein-bound polysaccharide-K (PSK) is a hot water extract from Trametes versicolor
mushroom. It has been used traditionally in Asian countries for its immune stimulating and anti-…

Mitochondrial respiration in mammalian cells not only generates ATP to meet their own
energy needs but also couples with biosynthetic pathways to produce metabolites that can be …

Sorsby Fundus Dystrophy (SFD) is a rare form of macular degeneration that is clinically
similar to age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and a histologic hallmark of SFD is a thick …