CLOSTRIDIAL neurotoxins, including tetanus toxin and the seven serotypes of botulinum
toxin (A–G), are produced as single chains and cleaved to generate toxins with two chains …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT, serotypes AG) and tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) are bacterial
proteins that comprise a light chain (M r ≈50) disulfide linked to a heavy chain (M r ≈100). By …

Phosphatidic acid produced by phospholipase D (PLD) as a result of signaling activity is
thought to play a role in membrane vesicle trafficking, either as an intracellular messenger or as …

Tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins bind to nerve cells, penetrate the cytosol, and block
neurotransmitter release. Comparison of their amino-acid sequences shows the presence of the …

Climbing fibers, the projections from the inferior olive to the cerebellar cortex, carry sensorimotor
error and clock signals that trigger motor learning by controlling cerebellar Purkinje cell …

Toxins are potent molecules used by various bacteria to interact with a host organism. Some
of them specifically act on neuronal cells (clostridial neurotoxins) leading to characteristics …

Neurotransmitter release is a highly efficient secretory process exhibiting resistance to
fatigue and plasticity attributable to the existence of distinct pools of synaptic vesicles (SVs), …

NMDA receptor-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) of glutamatergic synaptic
transmission in sensory pathways from auditory thalamus or cortex to the lateral amygdala (LA) …

An overall picture of the botulinum toxins is provided, linking the recent developments in
their molecular and cellular aspects to the physiological actions. The pathophysiological …

Botulinum neurotoxins (types A and B), which are microbial proteins consisting of two
disulfide-linked chains, inhibit specifically and with high potency the release of acetylcholine from …