Effective vaccine adjuvants must induce expression of major histocompatability (MHC) class
II proteins and the costimulatory molecule CD86 on dendritic cells (DCs). However, some …

Chronic stimulation of CD8 + T cells triggers exhaustion, a distinct differentiation state with
diminished effector function. Exhausted cells exist in multiple differentiation states, from stem-…

Thymocytes that bind strongly to self‐antigens are prevented from becoming naive T cells by
several mechanisms. They undergo clonal deletion at two stages of development; wave 1 …

T-cell immunity requires extremely rapid clonal proliferation of rare, antigen-specific T
lymphocytes to form effector cells. Here we identify a critical role for ETAA1 in this process by …

Acquisition of T‐cell central tolerance involves distinct pathways of self‐antigen presentation
to thymocytes. One pathway termed indirect presentation requires a self‐antigen transfer …

Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO) is a rare but life-threatening disease characterized
by severe intestinal dysmotility. Histopathologic studies in CIPO patients have identified …

Lung surfactant proteins (SP) A and D are calcium-dependent carbohydrate-binding
proteins. In addition to playing multiple roles in innate immune defense such as bacterial …

Surfactant protein D (SP-D) is primarily expressed in the lungs and modulates pro- and anti-inflammatory
processes to toxic challenge, maintaining lung homeostasis. We investigated …

Background Surfactant protein D (SP-D) deficient mice develop emphysema-like pathology
associated with focal accumulations of foamy alveolar macrophages, an excess of surfactant …

A batch service queue is considered where each batch size and its time of service is subject
to control. Costs are incurred for serving the customers and for holding them in the system. …