Associations between modifiable exposures and disease seen in observational epidemiology
are sometimes confounded and thus misleading, despite our best efforts to improve the …

Observational epidemiological studies suffer from many potential biases, from confounding
and from reverse causation, and this limits their ability to robustly identify causal associations…

Numerous observational studies have attempted to identify risk factors for infection with
SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 disease outcomes. Studies have used datasets sampled from …

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly heritable and heterogeneous group of
neurodevelopmental phenotypes diagnosed in more than 1% of children. Common genetic variants …

Background Reducing high blood cholesterol, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD)
events in people with and without a past history of coronary heart disease (CHD) is an …

There is convincing evidence that exposures acting across the life course influence adult
health outcomes (1–3). Lifecourse epidemiology examines a range of potential processes …

Observational epidemiological studies are prone to confounding, reverse causation and
various biases and have generated findings that have proved to be unreliable indicators of the …

Methods We reviewed the literature through traditional and electronic means and supplemented
this with correlational analyses of gross domestic product and life expectancy and of …

Background: The number of Mendelian randomization analyses including large numbers of
genetic variants is rapidly increasing. This is due to the proliferation of genome-wide …

Developments in genome‐wide association studies and the increasing availability of summary
genetic association data have made application of Mendelian randomization relatively …