Neandertals, the closest evolutionary relatives of present-day humans, lived in large parts of
Europe and western Asia before disappearing 30,000 years ago. We present a draft …

We present a high-quality genome sequence of a Neanderthal woman from Siberia. We
show that her parents were related at the level of half-siblings and that mating among close …

We present a DNA library preparation method that has allowed us to reconstruct a high-coverage
(30×) genome sequence of a Denisovan, an extinct relative of Neandertals. The quality …

We sequenced the genomes of a ∼7,000-year-old farmer from Germany and eight ∼8,000-year-old
hunter-gatherers from Luxembourg and Sweden. We analysed these and other …

A complete mitochondrial (mt) genome sequence was reconstructed from a 38,000 year-old
Neandertal individual with 8341 mtDNA sequences identified among 4.8 Gb of DNA …

Genomic studies have shown that Neanderthals interbred with modern humans, and that
non-Africans today are the products of this mixture 1 , 2 . The antiquity of Neanderthal gene …

We present the high-quality genome sequence of a ∼45,000-year-old modern human male
from Siberia. This individual derives from a population that lived before—or simultaneously …

High-throughput direct sequencing techniques have recently opened the possibility to
sequence genomes from Pleistocene organisms. Here we analyze DNA sequences determined …

Most great ape genetic variation remains uncharacterized 1 , 2 ; however, its study is critical
for understanding population history 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , recombination 7 , selection 8 and …

Neanderthals are thought to have disappeared in Europe approximately 39,000–41,000 years
ago but they have contributed 1–3% of the DNA of present-day people in Eurasia 1 . Here …