Inflammatory bowel diseases, which include Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, affect
several million individuals worldwide. Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are complex …

Receptors of the innate immune system detect conserved determinants of microbial and viral
origin. Activation of these receptors initiates signaling events that culminate in an effective …

The Toll-like receptors (TLRs) of the innate immune system are unusual in that individual
family members are located on different organelles, yet most activate a common signaling …

While immunologic correlates of COVID-19 have been widely reported, their associations
with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) remain less clear. Due to the wide array of …

The colonization of the human gut microbiome begins at birth, and over time, these microbial
communities become increasingly complex. Most of what we currently know about the …

Musculoskeletal diseases affect up to 20% of adults worldwide. The gut microbiome has been
implicated in inflammatory conditions, but large-scale metagenomic evaluations have not …

10.7554/eLife.22144.001 Acquisition of genes through horizontal gene transfer (HGT) allows
microbes to rapidly gain new capabilities and adapt to new or changing environments. …

While women are generally underrepresented in STEM fields, there are noticeable
differences between fields. For instance, the gender ratio in biology is more balanced than in …

Background: While early life exposures such as mode of birth, breastfeeding, and antibiotic
use are established regulators of microbiome composition in early childhood, recent …

The assumption of near-universal bacterial detection by pattern recognition receptors is a
foundation of immunology. The limits of this pattern recognition concept, however, remain …