We generated genome-wide data from 69 Europeans who lived between 8,000–3,000 years
ago by enriching ancient DNA libraries for a target set of almost 400,000 polymorphisms. …

We sequenced the genomes of a ∼7,000-year-old farmer from Germany and eight ∼8,000-year-old
hunter-gatherers from Luxembourg and Sweden. We analysed these and other …

Farming was first introduced to Europe in the mid-seventh millennium bc, and was associated
with migrants from Anatolia who settled in the southeast before spreading throughout …

How modern humans dispersed into Eurasia and Australasia, including the number of
separate expansions and their timings, is highly debated [1, 2]. Two categories of models are …

Recent genomic data have revealed multiple interactions between Neanderthals and modern
humans 1 , but there is currently little genetic evidence regarding Neanderthal behaviour, …

The oral microbiome plays key roles in human biology, health, and disease, but little is
known about the global diversity, variation, or evolution of this microbial community. To better …

We report genome-wide ancient DNA from 49 individuals forming four parallel time transects
in Belize, Brazil, the Central Andes, and the Southern Cone, each dating to at least ∼9,000 …

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been infecting humans for millennia and remains a global health
problem, but its past diversity and dispersal routes are largely unknown. We generated …

Community differentiation is a fundamental topic of the social sciences, and its prehistoric
origins in Europe are typically assumed to lie among the complex, densely populated societies …

Egypt, located on the isthmus of Africa, is an ideal region to study historical population dynamics
due to its geographic location and documented interactions with ancient civilizations in …