Mimicry—whereby warning signals in different species evolve to look similar—has long
served as a paradigm of convergent evolution. Little is known, however, about the genes that …

We used 20 de novo genome assemblies to probe the speciation history and architecture of
gene flow in rapidly radiating Heliconius butterflies. Our tests to distinguish incomplete …

Although animals display a rich variety of shapes and patterns, the genetic changes that
explain how complex forms arise are still unclear. Here we take advantage of the extensive …

The butterfly Heliconius erato can see from the UV to the red part of the light spectrum with
color vision proven from 440 to 640 nm. Its eye is known to contain three visual pigments, …

Butterfly wing patterns provide a rich comparative framework to study how morphological
complexity develops and evolves. Here we used CRISPR/Cas9 somatic mutagenesis to test a …

In butterflies there is a class of "intervein" wing patterns that have lines of symmetry halfway
between wing veins. These patterns occur in a range of shapes, including eyespots, ellipses, …

The optix gene has been implicated in butterfly wing pattern adaptation by genetic association,
mapping, and expression studies. The actual developmental function of this gene has …

Most butterfly wing patterns are proposed to be derived from a set of conserved pattern
elements known as symmetry systems. Symmetry systems are so-named because they are often …

Butterfly eyespot colour patterns are a key example of how a novel trait can appear in association
with the co-option of developmental patterning genes. Little is known, however, about …

Visual signaling in animals can serve many uses, including predator deterrence and mate
attraction. In many cases, signals used to advertise unprofitability to predators are also used …