Nitrogen-doped carbon-based catalysts are attracting increased interest as potential Pt-free
electrode catalysts for polymer electrolyte fuel cells. In this computational study, we inspect …

It has been speculated that before vertebrates evolved somatic diversity-based adaptive
immunity, the germline-encoded diversity of innate immunity may have been more developed. …

Recent studies suggest that the carbon-alloy catalyst with doped nitrogen may be a powerful
candidate for cathode catalyst of fuel cell. In this paper, we aim to clarify the microscopic …

To investigate the evolution and immune function of C-type lectin in amphioxus, the primitive
representative of the chordate phylum, we identified three C-type lectins consisting solely of …

Background OCT 4, SOX 2, and NANOG are major transcription factors related to stem cell
self‐renewal and differentiation. The aim of this study was to examine the association of OCT …

Vertebrates have greatly elaborated the basic chordate body plan and evolved highly
distinctive genomes that have been sculpted by two whole-genome duplications. Here we …

Co-option of RAG1 and RAG2 for antigen receptor gene assembly by V(D)J recombination
was a crucial event in the evolution of jawed vertebrate adaptive immunity. RAG1/2 are …

In animals, the tetraspanins are a large superfamily of membrane proteins that play important
roles in organizing various cell–cell and matrix–cell interactions and signal pathways …

De novo assembly is a difficult issue for heterozygous diploid genomes. The advent of high-throughput
short-read and long-read sequencing technologies provides both new …

Vertebrates diverged from other chordates ~500 Myr ago and experienced successful
innovations and adaptations, but the genomic basis underlying vertebrate origins are not fully …