Genetic exchange is common among bacteria, but its effect on population diversity during
ecological differentiation remains controversial. A fundamental question is whether …

Background Different high-throughput nucleic acid sequencing platforms are currently
available but a trade-off currently exists between the cost and number of reads that can be …

BACKGROUND: Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a cholestatic liver disease with no
effective medical therapies. A perturbation of the gut microbiota has been described in …

Phosphorothioate (PT) modification of DNA, with sulfur replacing a nonbridging phosphate
oxygen, was recently discovered as a product of the dnd genes found in bacteria and archaea…

Adaptive immunity is driven by the expansion, somatic hypermutation, and selection of B
cell clones. Each clone is the progeny of a single B cell responding to Ag, with diversified Ig …

Adaptive radiations are important drivers of niche filling, since they rapidly adapt a single clade
of organisms to ecological opportunities. Although thought to be common for animals and …

Erythropoietin (EPO) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) are cytokines that inhibit neuronal
apoptosis. However, their maximal antiapoptotic effect, even at high concentrations, is …

Background Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an effective therapy for recurrent
Clostridium. difficile infection (rCDI). FMT capsules have emerged, and it is unknown if delivery …

Snakebite envenomings represent a neglected public health issue in many parts of the rural
tropical world. Animal-derived antivenoms have existed for more than a hundred years and …

We synthesized population structure data from three studies that assessed the fine-scale
distribution of Vibrionaceae among temporally and spatially distinct environmental categories …