We generated genome-wide data from 69 Europeans who lived between 8,000–3,000 years
ago by enriching ancient DNA libraries for a target set of almost 400,000 polymorphisms. …

We sequenced the genomes of a ∼7,000-year-old farmer from Germany and eight ∼8,000-year-old
hunter-gatherers from Luxembourg and Sweden. We analysed these and other …

The ancestry of modern Europeans is a subject of debate among geneticists, archaeologists,
and anthropologists. A crucial question is the extent to which Europeans are descended …

The importance of commensal microbes for human health is increasingly recognized 1 , 2 ,
3 , 4 , 5 , yet the impacts of evolutionary changes in human diet and culture on commensal …

Ancient DNA makes it possible to observe natural selection directly by analysing samples
from populations before, during and after adaptation events. Here we report a genome-wide …

Modern humans arrived in Europe ~45,000 years ago, but little is known about their genetic
composition before the start of farming ~8,500 years ago. Here we analyse genome-wide …

From around 2750 to 2500 bc, Bell Beaker pottery became widespread across western and
central Europe, before it disappeared between 2200 and 1800 bc. The forces that propelled …

Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare 1 .
However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage …

Farming was first introduced to Europe in the mid-seventh millennium bc, and was associated
with migrants from Anatolia who settled in the southeast before spreading throughout …

After the domestication of animals and crops in the Near East some 11,000 years ago,
farming had reached much of central Europe by 7500 years before the present. The extent to …