… This latter study is of particular relevance because TBPB, together with other novel M 1
receptor-selective agonists such as AC-42 and 77-LH-28-1, was originally classified as an …

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are critical regulators of human physiology and make
up the largest single class of therapeutic drug targets. Although GPCRs regulate highly …

The σ 1 and σ 2 receptors are enigmatic proteins that have attracted attention for decades
due to the chemical diversity and therapeutic potential of their ligands. However, despite …

… The subunits regulate their respective effector proteins adenylyl cyclase (AC) and Ca 2+
channels. The Gs heterotrimer reassembles from α and βγ subunits following hydrolysis of GTP …

Opium is one of the world’s oldest drugs, and its derivatives morphine and codeine are among
the most used clinical drugs to relieve severe pain. These prototypical opioids produce …

Acetylcholine, the first neurotransmitter to be identified 1 , exerts many of its physiological
actions via activation of a family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) known as muscarinic …

Despite recent advances in crystallography and the availability of G-protein-coupled receptor
(GPCR) structures, little is known about the mechanism of their activation process, as only …

The parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system regulates the activity of multiple
organ systems. Muscarinic receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors that mediate the …

The opioid receptor family comprises three members, the µ-, δ- and κ-opioid receptors,
which respond to classical opioid alkaloids such as morphine and heroin as well as to …

… Nanobodies were cloned into the periplasmic expression vector pET26b, containing an N-terminal
signal sequence and a C-terminal 8× histidine tag, and transformed into BL21(DE3) …